Ethics From Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill

Ethics From Im whileuel Kant And John Stuart MillImmanuel Kant (22 April 1724 12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Knigsberg. Kant was the put up influential philosopher of modern Europe in the classic sequence of the theory of noesis during the Enlighten ment beginning with thinkers John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.1 A philosopher who lived a life of soused discipline routine. He took a passionate interest in Ameri flowerpot and French revolution.Kant has various writings to his credit which implyGeneral Natural record and Theory of the Heavens (1755) in which he writes round the solar systemCritique of Pure Reason (1781) is about his philosophical work in internal sciences mathematics.Critique of Judgement (1790) wherein he analyzes aesthetics biology.The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of honorables (1785) endeavours to show the foundations of genuine morality.The Critique of Pr locomoteical Reason (178 8) investigates implications of immorality for religion.Kants main concern is nature morality (starry heavens above and moral law within). He says that genuine morality i.e., a morality which is objectively and univers every last(predicate)y binding requires an a priori foundation. He adds that the universal basis of morality in man must lie in his judicious nature, since this al iodine is the same in everyone. Thus a moral principle must be such that a man can ordain that all men including him should act upon it.Kant uses the test of consistency as the nubble of fundamental moral law which he calls two-dimensional imperative those achievements are right which conform to principles one can consistently will to be principles for all men, and those exertions are wrong which are based upon maxims that a demythologised creature could not will that all men should follow.Through the categorical imperative we can distinguish between right wrong actions. Kant emphasizes that it is not however the test but it is also the un judicial admissional directive for behavior. It is binding upon everyone because each rational man acknowledges his obligation to follow reason. Thus categorical imperative is the scarce basis for determining our duties. He stresses that reason prescribes responsibility, and the moral law holds whether or not men actually follow it.In order to suffer an in-depth understanding of Kants doctrine we need to see how he built up his argument. Initially Kant carries out a critical analysis of the commonly accepted devout things like health, wealth and friendship. He adds that the mentioned things are not dear under all circumstances, but only in so far as they are conjoined with something that is unqualified good a good will. GOOD WILL represents the effort of a rational being to do what he ought to do, rather than to act from design or self -interest. Thus a good will appears to constitute the indispensable condition even of being wor thy of comfort. Kant elaborates that good will is not good because is achieves good results. Even if it fails to attain the ends it seeks, it would be good in itself and have a higher worth than the superficial things gained by immoral actions. Kant mentions that reason is a very inefficient instrument for the achievement of happiness. He concludes that reason is not mean to produce happiness, but to produce a good will.Kant encourage explains the relation between good will debt instrument highlighting that a good will is one which acts for the sake of duty. Indeed, human actions have moral worth only if they are performed from duty. He further says that even action in accordance with duty is not enough only respect for duty, makes an action moral. Kant further differentiates praiseworthy behavior from moral action, he says that altruistic or selfless actions that result from feelings of sociability deserve praise and encouragement but they cannot be classified as possessing mo ral value. Moral worth of region which is highest of all is not brought out from inclination but from duty.Kant then puts forward his first honourable proposition wherein he states that an act must be done from duty in order to have moral worth. taking this forward the split second honorable proposition says that an act from duty derives its moral value not from the results it produces but from the principle by which it is determined. Taking the first two propositions Kant defines duty as the morally right action is one done solely out of reverence for the law and its unique and infinite worth is derived from this source. Third proposition which is a consequence of the first two expresses duty is the necessity of playacting from respect for the law .For Kant the supreme principle or law of morality which the good man must follow is the Categorical Imperative. Rational beings as far they act rationally will always be guided by ethical principles or maxims which can be adopted b y everyone else without generating any contradiction.Kant further distinguishes between categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative. Kant says that categorical imperative is an unconditional directive that prescribes actions to be done because of the moral worth of the maxim and not for the sake of some consequence that may result. On the different hand hypothetical imperative is a conditional directive which advises what ought to be done if a desire goal is to be achieved for example, One ought to tell the truth as a manner of principle is a categorical imperative, whereas if you want to avoid punishment, you ought to tell the truth is a hypothetical imperative.Kants first explicit grooming of categorical imperative requires an individual to obey a maxim which can, without contradiction, be willed to be a rule for everyone. This instrument that the essence of morality lies in acting on the basis of an impersonal principle which is valid for everyone, including oneself. Kant conceives the categorical imperative to be a two-fold test. It requires first, that maxims for moral action be universalized without logical contradiction and second, that they be universal directives for action which do not bring the will into disharmony with itself by requiring it to will one thing for itself and another thing for others. In one of Kants formulation of categorical imperative he talks of social implications, he emphasizes that it requires us to treat every human being as an end in himself and never as merely a means to an end. In brief, we should respect all human beings impartially and avoid exploiting anyone. Ends that are ends only because they are desired give us hypothetical imperatives but if there is an end in itself, the imperative to seek it is independent of desire and is therefore a categorical imperative. Kant shows the prefatorial identity of the first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. Those actions which, on the first formu lation, cannot be universalized without contradiction, example committing suicide or refusing to help the needy, will be seen on the second formulation to be inconsistent with the idea of humanity as an end in itself.Having brought to light with logical rigor the implicit pre-suppositions of the common mans awareness of duty and sh bear it to be a universal categorical imperative, Kant gives eloquent praise to pure moral philosophy and a word of caution to those moralists who would allow reason to be corrupted by empirical considerations.References1 Crane Brinton. Enlightenment, Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 2, p. 519. Macmillan, 1967.2 www.wikipedia.com3 E. Albert, T. Denise, S. Peterfreund Great Traditions in Ethics, 4th Edition, 1980.2. John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill was the intellectual heir of the useful movement in England. Mill dedicated himself to clarifying the teachings of his buzz off, James Mill, and those of Jeremy Bentham, who championed the utilitarian doctrin e. John Mill was nurtured and mentored to be an original thinker.Mills major works includeSystem of Logic (1843) which is his philosophical contribution wherein he defends the inductive method of logic, showing that general laws or universal principles must be derived from empirical facts.Principles of policy-making Economy (1848) wherein he relates the application of Utilitarian principles to Economics.Essays on Liberty (1859) and Considerations on Representative Government (1861) are classical statements of his social and political philosophy.Essay Utilitarianism (1861) is his only explicit contribution to ethics.Autobiography and Three Essays on Religion two of which works were published after his death.John Stuart Mill did not attempt to rear an ethical theory, but rather to defend the ethical theory to which he was born. He modified and went beyond the utilitarian doctrine as it was propounded by his father and Jeremy Bentham. Bentham based his utilitarian philosophy on the principle that the object of morality is the promotion of the greatest happiness of the maximum number of members in the society. He proceeded on the premise that the happiness of any individual consists in a favorable balance of pleasures over pains. Consequently, those actions which bunk to increase pleasure are called good and those actions which tend to increase pain are called bad. For Bentham The public good ought to be the subject of the legislator General utility ought to be the foundation of his reasonings. To know the true good of the community is what constitutes the science of legislation the art consists in finding the means to realize that good. To implement this social and political ideal, he constructed a hedonistic calculus by means of which pleasures and pains could be measured. In this way, good and bad acts and, consequently, good and bad legislation, can be evaluated in terms of such factors as intensity, duration, extent, certainty, propinquity, prolificacy purity.2Mill restates the Bentham doctrine. In his restatement, he goes beyond Benthams contention that the essential differences among pleasures and pains are quantitative, maintaining that they are also subject to significant qualitative differentiation.Mill accepts in principle Benthams doctrine regarding the basic role of pleasure and pain in morality viz.Individual psychological hedonism according to which the sole motive of an action is an individuals desire for happiness that is for a balance of pleasure over pain. This is primarily a descriptive doctrine since it gives an account of the actual motive of the behaviour.Universal ethical hedonism according to which the greatest happiness of the greatest number ought to be the individuals goal and standard of conduct. This is a normative theory in that it stipulates what ought to be done. In it is a principle by which actions are evaluated in terms of their consequences irrespective of the nature of the motive.However there are gaps between Individual psychological hedonism and Universal ethical hedonismIf each individual is motivated solely by the desire of his own happiness, there is no reason to assume that his actions will at the same epoch always promote the interests of the societyThe descriptive fact that men do desire their own happiness, does not imply the normative principle that men ought to act in accordance with this desire.In order to fill the gaps and harmonize individual psychological hedonism and universal ethical hedonism Mill takes recourse to the concept of Sanctions the inducement to action which gives binding force to moral rules.In Mills system of ethics, sanctions are rooted in the hedonistic motive, i.e., moral rules are acknowledged and obeyed by legality of anticipated pleasures or pains There are both external and internal sanctions. External sanctions are forces of reward and punishment in the universe about us which control mens actions through their fear of pain and prope nsity for pleasure. But Mill cautions that presence of such external sanctions is not to be taken as true sense of moral obligation. Thus ultimate moral sanction must come from within. The force of an internal action derives from the feeling of pleasure which is experienced when a moral law is obeyed and the feeling of pain which accompanies a violation of it. Thus the greatest happiness principle can be sanctioned from within. only by means of this doctrine of internal sanctions, Mill is enabled to reconcile the psychological theory that everyone desires his own happiness with the moral theory that one ought to act as to serve public good.Looking at Mills work in detail we see that Mill defends the utilitarian doctrine by identifying misrepresentations and clarification of the principle. He opposes those who fail to associate utility with pleasure and pain. Mill then states concisely the doctrine of utility. He says that Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right i n attribute as they tend to promote happiness (pleasure and absence of pain), wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness or unhappiness (pain and deprivation of pleasure).He further states that pleasures vary in kind and degree and some kinds of pleasure are more desirable more valuable than others. Thus quantity quality both need to be considered when estimating pleasure. Mill relates that superiority of one kind of pleasure over another is determined by those who have experienced both kinds. farther says that among those who have experienced both prefer the pleasure of higher faculties. Mill further discounts the judgment of those who abandon higher pleasures for lower ones by explaining that they are incapable(p) either inherently or by lack of opportunity of enjoying the higher kind. The only judges are those who have tested the spectrum of pleasures (lower higher pleasures).Mill relates the greatest happiness principle to include the difference between the quan titative and qualitative aspects of pleasure. Mill puts forward the realistic description of happiness and a suggestion for the social means of achieving it. This is a clarification to the objections to the utilitarian doctrine.Another objection Mill discounts is the claim that Utilitarian morality is incompatible with acts of personal sacrifice which are so sacral in Christian culture. Thus he concludes that each individuals happiness is equal to that of any other. The greatest happiness principle is not essential as a motive for conduct but is essential as the rule by which conduct is judged and sanctioned. Herein moral evaluation is directed to actions and to the manner in which they ingrain the general happiness. Having removed the major misconceptions about the principle of utility Mill proposes to investigate its ultimate sanction. Mill states that it is our feeling for humanity which provides the ultimate sanction of the principle of utility and this Mill calls the internal sanction. Regardless of whether this inner feeling or internal sanction for mankind is inborn or acquired, Mill argues that it can be a powerful force and a sound basis for utilitarian morality.Mills moving description of the origin and nature of the feeling for humanity may serve as a fitting conclusion to his exposition of the greatest happiness principle.References1 E. Albert, T. Denise, S. Peterfreund Great Traditions in Ethics, 4th Edition 1980.2 www.wikipedia.com(3) justness EthicsVirtue ethics highlights or stresses on the basic virtues of moral acknowledgment the main concept being of virtue, practical wisdom and eudaimonia. The founders of virtue ethics are Plato and Aristotle, though roots can be traced back to Greek Philosophy and the Chinese dominant approach1.Virtue ethics refers to a collection of normative ethical philosophy that place an emphasis on being rather that doing. In other words in virtue ethics morality stems from the identity or character of the indi vidual rather than being a reflection of the actions (or consequences thereof) of the individual. There are various debates on virtue ethics however the link that connects all is that moral philosophy comes as a result of intrinsic virtues2VIRTUE PLATOS IDEAPlato followed the Socratic dictum Virtue is Knowledge. Platos thesis was that life of reason is the happiest best. This means that knowledge produces a harmonious man in the sense that when reason governs desires passions, a well balanced organized personality results. Such a person is a rational man who is the virtuous man and the happy man. For Plato a morally virtuous man is one who is in Rational, Emotional and Biological balance . In Platonic terms a virtuous man is one who is wise, temperate, courageous and just. In a virtuous man desires or passions function harmoniously under the organization of reason.Such a man sets his own inner life is his own master and is at peace with himself. Platos answer to what is a Good Life is that a life of reasoning is the best life. He has written in the Republic It is better to be unborn than untaught for ignorance is the root of misfortune.3For PlatoA man of knowledge is the virtuous manLife of reason(knowledge ) is the best lifeUltimate knowledge on which moral virtue is based is the knowledge of the Good.By achievement of justice ,temperance and wisdom the whole soul becomes perfect and nobleVIRTUE ARISTOTLES IDEAAristotles theory is that everyone wants to live the good life, the happy life. The term used for happiness is Eudaimonia. By happiness Aristotle seems to mean well being the fulfillment of our distinctive functions. Aristotle says that Eudaimonia is the highest good because it is sought for its own sake and nothing else that is justice is sought because it leads to good life. According to Aristotle the best way to achieve happiness (Eudaimonia) was to inculcate and exhibit those qualities that are most productive to live in a society. He states th at extremes of character are not good. For Aristotle Virtue lies in the Golden Mean that is the right balance between the two extremes. He has called each of the extremes Vice and the mean Virtue4.Exceptions to the chanceNot everything has a meansNo means for murder or theftThus following Aristotles thought every person should develop his own character by inculcating habit of virtue. Thereafter good actions will become a habit e.g. a good person will take good decisions. This goodness shall then ripple to the society coming generations from their elders since virtue is taught by example rather than set of rules. The virtues identified by Aristotle are of 2 typesMoral VirtuesThe habitual choice of actions in accordance with rational principles.Intellectual VirtuesThe contemplation of theoretical truths and the discovery of rational principles which ought to control everyday actions.The first set of virtues is genuine by habits the second by training and education. According to Ari stotle we are not born with virtues that are we are inherently good or bad, we learn by inculcating habits having role models of virtuous people.4Thus according to AristotleA life of reason is the best and most pleasant and this life is also the happiest one.Happiness thus depends on actualization of ones rationality.A virtuous man lives according to reason thus realizing his distinct potentiality.

Theory and Practice in Maori Social Work

Theory and Practice in Maori affectionate WorkSOCIAL WORKIntegrate Theory and Practice in Social wrick lying-in 1The treaty of Waitaki presents the agreement between Maori and the whirligig. The treaty was signed on 6th February 1840 at Waitaki in the Bay of Islands. The Crown signed the treaty with 540 Maori chiefs, and 60 Maori chiefs did not agree or so the treaty. The Crown has the right to govern and to develop a British Settlement. at that place argon ii texts for Te Tiriti, one in Maori and one in English. The English text is not a direct translation of the Maori text. The existence of two versions that dont directly translate has caused problems in Aotearoa/NZ as both cede and guaranteed different powers and functions for each party in each of the two versions.PartnershipThe principle mentions about the relationship between Maori and the Crown. The Maori and the Crown engage good partnership. They have different shade, examples and languages. They potty work to ril eher in the community. The Triti there should be funda psychical interaction between treaty partners must be based on mutual good faith, cooperation, tolerance, honesty and respect. Social workers also apply the implication of partnership in affable returnss.ProtectionSocial workers imply harborion when they provide services to Maori community. In aditible work apply, neighborly workers need to provide the protection to clients as their safety and wellbeing. The well-disposed worker need to follow the code of rights. Social workers protect clients by avoid the risks.Task 2Aotearoa refreshed Zealand societyThe tender service ask to make sure gives different needs. The topic specifies about the multi-society. modern Zealand is a multi-society country with two primary societies is Maori society and the British society. New Zealand has a coarse range of societies. Social service needs to accessible to all ethnicities inside Aotearoa New Zealand. Social workers need to be capable in accepting expectations with all ethnicities, giving services that meet their needs.Te Tiriti o WaitangiThe treaty of Waitaki presents the agreement between Maori and the Crown. The treaty was signed on 6th February 1840 at Waitaki in the Bay of Islands. Social service agencies align themselves to the article of Waitaki and the 4 principles contained in the article. The 4 principles are partnership, protection, permission, participation. Social workers must vacate and protect Maori Tino Ranatiratanga. Then, genial workers must consider culture values, principles and belief. British government initially reluctant to take action, but it will eventually realize that the annexation of the country to protect the Maori.Te Reo, Tikanga and cultivation of Iwi and MaoriThere are between language and culture the language is embedded in the culture, but also the expression of culture. Social service agencies need to provide appropriate culture supervision and training all affab le workers provide culturally appropriate and safe practice when working with Maori people. The friendly services should follow all Maori rights as customs, beliefs and values and Maori language. Social service need to have an integrated approach toward Maori wellbeing. We need to understand about Maori. sexual practice and sexualitySocial workers dont permit having separation to customers. So, in the Human Right Act does not allow victimization individuals on the premise of sex or sexuality. We should first consider the favorable state of mind and convictions identified with sexual orientation. Sex saturates all parts of Maori life, and particularly in the typical representation Social specialists need to remain an expert situation. They need to give and remain focused judgmental, non-one-sided and non-biased administrations.Human increase process through the life spanThere are eight spans of human development, including the foetal period, infancy, early childhood, middle childh ood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. finished the life span, accessible workers always have some changes as growth, maintenance, regulation, and perception. The changes that occur through life experience and always are considered with culture.Social policy in New ZealandIt can inspection and repair understudies comprehend the contention of qualities and points of great deal in the definition and execution of arrangements, and with the hypothesis of social arrangement and that they will experience in the field of practice. Social services need to comprehend the social arrangements in New Zealand. They need to see unmistakably the standards and systems by which government looks to influence the improvement of society. That social work practice is affected by each chosen government toward its specific standards. Social administration offices re-adjust to the moving approaches of new chose governments.Aotearoa New Zealand social serviceThe associ ation is considered to represent the interests of New Zealands major institutions of social workers. New Zealand is a multi-culture society. The Aotearoa New Zealand social services are always available to all cultures. Then, social worker should reflect the respect and dignity to all of those who access the services. The giving medication supports, various forms of contact representatives and advocates for social housing organizations. There are many aspects of the organization of national staff skills in organizational development and health service delivery.Organisation and management in the social servicesSocial work management and administration will find that there is a very good choice for entry-level management works. There are a broad level of social work surmise, value and practice in organization and management, so the services provided for public access are of quality and have effect. Organisation and management need to reflect bi-culture polices. Provides a fairly a extra number of links to resources management and materials management of social work in social work.enquiry methodology in the social servicesThe purpose of social work research is to solve practical problems in social work practice or social policy, the establishment of social work acquaintance base. Research methodology in the social services need to be performed with purpose of obtaining factual and non-judgemental evidence. Production of general application to other professions and disciplines can guide social policy and social work practice. The research methodology should reflect the culture, economic, political and any other societal needs of people. The study method in think fields, the findings can be applied to the reference value of social work are included in this entry.Users of the social servicesThere are a lot of users of social services in all over the New Zealand. Huge numbers of users are Maori people. Social services help Maori people to provide access to heal thcare services, so that they can increase their knowledge to fight with deadly diseases. Social workers need to make sure the safety and confidentially of consumers. All germane(predicate) differentiateation of clients do not allow for public. Those who are consumers of social service should be informed of their rights and have their rights adhered.Law and social workIn social work practice, fair play and social work is a disciplinary role. Social work and law refers to the practice of social work and the profound system, including statutes, case law, legal institutions AZZASW provides social workers with a range of services including professional development and competency and re-certification. Each social worker needs to understand and follow the law when delivering care. The law will guide for social workers about the boundaries, safety for clients, the knowledge as Privacy Act, Children, Young Persons their families Act. The law should provide physicians with knowledge of their rights and obligations of customers in a wide range of practical understanding of social relations.Personal developmentPersonal development is a section in social work practice. The personal development will improve the social services expert practice. Self-improvement is a deep rooted procedure. This is a path for individuals to evaluate their aptitudes and qualities that their objective in life. There ought to be an incorporated practice. Through the personal development, it may help social services get to be mindful of blind sides in the practice and learning. It can influence to the reliance and self viability of social specialist.Social work ethicsSocial workers should relate the code of ethics in social work practices. Then, ethics is identified in social work practice as professional role within Aotearoa. Social workers should respect all ethics. Education Social workers should get concerned and try to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respe ct to race, ethnicity, nationality, colour, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, in-migration status, and mental or physical disability.Models of practice, including Iwi and Maori models of practiceMaori models of practice are used within social work practice researched and validated to provide best services. Through the development, Maori people have some models of practice of health. For example, Te Whare Tapa Wha health models that mention about 4 factors as physical health, ghostlike health, family health and mental health. Critical Reflection achieve this Kaupapa Maori research practice can help us make the subconscious becomes conscious.Working with particular clients groupsMaori refers to the act of social work learning or Matauranga Maori is more application to social work. The accomplishment of Maori and exploration extends in 6 parts lodging, social administrations, training, job and preparing, equity, wellbeing. This topic specifies about moral limits. Social specialist hone must reflex moral limits when working with distinctive gathering in light of the fact that they have diverse society. deterrent example limits incorporate having non judgmental and non one-sided practices.Cross culture practiceResources refer to resources and to provide cultural advice and providing cultural services in response to knowledge networks. The social worker competency should include cross culture. Cross culture practice is the ability of social worker to perceive. Identify culture risks and how to avoid the risks to provide culture safety. Social worker services provide and put policies and procedure in placement to monitor the risks. The ability to practice social work in Aotearoa New Zealand different ethnic and cultural groups, thus requiring social workers.Current issues in social work practiceSocial worker need to keep themselves inform the present issues in social work practice. There are many good sources of information, current issues and research about social worker practice that is stabilizing for social worker to develop the knowledge. How social workers can make a difference in New Zealand global issues not generally discussed daily lunch, or a part of the Foreign Office to talk about them smokers and alcohol.Task 3Situation 1Law and social workerThe social workers have to understand about law in social work practice. The law in social work practice will direct the social worker avoid the risks. Social workers clients understand the role in work placement.Gender and sexualityMr. X wants to wear female clothes. The social workers do not allow teasing him about the way he wearing. They have to provide a professional behaviour. The Human right Act does not permit discrimination against people on the basis of gender or sexuality. So do not tell him to you looks like a woman because he will be upset.Users of social serviceI informed of his rights. Social workers ne ed to know about their rights in social work practice.Situation 2Cross culture practiceMr. Y wants to learn about Maori culture. So social worker needs to teach some Maori language. And Social workers also need to know about Maori culture. Its also help to social worker develop the knowledge Maori culture.Te Reo, Tikanga and development of Iwi and MaoriSocial workers need to provide appropriate service Maori values, beliefs. Maori language needs to have right used in social work practice. Always think about Maori culture and avoid the big problem.Models of practiceMr. Y is provided spiritual health by respecting Maori customs and values, family health. Mr. Y is provided services which merge of Te Whare Tapa Wha health model that mentions about factors as physical health, and mental health.Task 4Part 1Part 2New learning that is what social workers can work experience. New learning can provide the knowledge for social worker. The link between new learning and social work theory and re search is to increase new learning to others social work theory and research. Social workers should improve them knowledge and skills social worker theory and research. We can provide the good quality to clients its good experience for social workers.Task 5Part 1I learn many things from Agape care. Agape Care is Intellectual disability placement for clients. I have experiences about how to be with intellectual disability clients. It was good for my skills. Now I know some important things for example, I should check about clients profile and policies before I meet with clients. This is because if I know about clients, it can be easy to become good clients and social workers. They have meeting with other social worker and team leader and doctor and family that time I knew that meeting is important for plan. So its mean we have to check clients every day. Anyway I should to say for Agape care people. Thank you so much for teach me. I know about Maori culture and little bit Maori langu age from my clients. It is really help for my future social worker.Part 2Development for future social work practice I learn about how to be social worker. I theoretical and values learning and practice learning will impact my in terms of personal and professional changes in the way my work in the future. I will keep remember this skill and time. When I time to work with who has intellectual disability I will use all the skills.

The shrinking world due to Globalisation

The shrinking world due to GlobalisationThe world is getting smaller mean solar day by day in terms of business perspectives, communications, relationships, decision making etc. Globalization makes narrower to the people as strong. Now-a-days the multinational companies ar introducing their brand in globally with their multifariousness of products and services. Companies are focusing the demographic issues and cultural avertriers when they designed their products or service. With their prior concern regarding the management structure specially deal with public relation and disposal legislation like Import rules, duty and vat, customs exhibit and others related new come with entry rules and licensing stuffs. For example, Unilever are spreading its products all(prenominal) where in the world, its favourite beauty soap Lux is e rattling where in the world almost. The product colour and flavour are not exactly same as well. Beside bar soap they are now more focus on liquid soa p with several(predicate) flavour and colour. Its because of increasing competition in the food market. In every minute one leading orders are struggling to keep their position in the market. Developing new strategy and attackes, cost minimization, making most of the companys resources. causal agent studyIn uk Waitrose supermarket is one of the leading food retail merchants and for the quality of foods and services is renowned. Waitrose is a part of stool Lewis partnership and Greenbee besides its another wing called name. potty Lewis has 28 department stores and one John Lewis at home. 69,000 partners commence in john Lewis (all staffs are called by partner) and the first profit scheme which called partnership was realised in 1920. For best service and success of the organization, continuous improvement is very essential for the Partners because they are directly interacting with customers and facing noble situations. In John Lewis they have any(prenominal) unique motiva tion key like increment, Partnership bonus and many kind of reward that motivate partners and management leading their team in good way and its effect we saw in 2009 due to financial crisis Waitrose did very well without any job combust. Yes there was some hour cut in branch and for thats why they faced some difficulty like, for a customer it was bit difficult to find out available staff in shop floor for help. Strong leadership, motivated hard working team and effective organizational glossiness is the main pillar to become Waitrose successful retailer in the UK. In 1937 John Lewis partnership acquired Waitrose and in 1955 outdoorsed first supermarket. In present Waitrose have 222 supermarkets, catalogue and an online business in the UK and also they have branches in UAE. Partnership turnover was 6bn In 2009/10 report and second half of this year they increased their gross sales 11.4%% and sales are 1.3% lower in John Lewis. In Dubai 5137sq meter with 150 employees in Dubai mall operating with Spinney company. At November 2008 First Waitrose established in Dubai and around 2010 there go away be open 20 more stores and also one in Bahrain will have by 2010.Waitrose has today announced that it will open its first smaller data format convenience store this summer as part of its plans to increase its presence in the UKs convenience sector. The first of the new format stores, which will offer shops with sales areas ranging from 2,000-4,000 sqft, will open in Fitzroy Street, Cambridge in early summer and create up to 40 new jobs. It will be the first of four sign trials of the format planned for this year and will become the first Waitrose shop in its core estate to measure under 3,000sqft.The smaller convenience shops will help the supermarket in bringing its brand to the 6.5 million potential customers it has identified who are currently unable to easily access Waitrose.To read this above dissever we empennage see that organizations are constantly changin g day by day. Employees are affected by this change and need to adapt, learn new skills, companionship in order to be able adapt and keep up with the pace in the market. However, due to the changing of business climate and Technology ships company should provide the entire knowledge and skills make a competent workforce. There are many external factors which can be identified, which affect the working culture and environment of the company and in this case Waitrose. Here we look at the various external factors under various heads in the synopsis such as Political, Legal, Socio-cultural, and Environmental.Change factsOrganizational change occurs when a company makes a transition from its current state to some desired future state. Managing organizational change is the process of planning and implementing change in organizations in such a way as to minimize employee resistance and cost to the organization, while also maximizing the forte of the change effort. And also compete with competition in the market.Organizational change initiatives often arise out of problems faced by a company. In some cases, however, companies are encouraged to change for other, more positive reasons. Change parklandly occurs because the organization experiences some difficulty, or sometime for more efficiency with resources. But sometimes the most constructive change takes place not because of problems but because of opportunities. The Bateman, Thomas S., and Carl P. Zeithaml (1990) used the term performance gap to describe the difference between a companys actual performance and the performance of which it is capable. Recognition of a performance gap often provides the impetus for change, as companiesstriveto improve their performance to expected levels. This flesh of gap is also where many entrepreneurs find opportunities to begin new businesses.AnalysisWorld is getting smaller day by day and every liaison is changing in this planet. Business is also affected by these changes. To meet the government new legislation or develop their new product they are changing their organizational system, characteristics structure and sometime business environment as well. To do these changes there is a lot of resistance and here we will test how to reduce this resistance. PESTL analyse and SWOT analyse is the easiest way to do this analyse. PESTL analysis makes the companies understandable about external environment where they are operating their business and they can establish their future plan (Blery Sfetsion, 2008). On the other hand to find out the relationship between the external and inhering appraisals in strategic analysis we need SWOT analysis. SWOT analysing the key factors of the environment and the fundamental internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization will help dictate the strategies appropriate to the firm.PESTL Analysis on WaitroseIts very important for any organisation to give attention of there external environmental factor. External envi ronmental analysis can help to identify the anxiety of the application and thus predict the future. Waitrose whitethorn use PESTLE analysis as various benefits. It is useful for Waitrose when used as a checklist, from when little consequence can be maid. It may enable the identification of key pressures and drivers of change. When Waitrose has workout which elements are most important which are less and their differential impact may change over time.(Ray Donnelly, 2000)Political-factorsLaw and political stability is the most common political issues. Law is very important for any business State. The Government is forever changeable. All the politicians come from different level so they may have indifferent views. They will create the Law from their different views. So business industry will be affected by that Law. As an example in UK, 1996 they introduce a law about restriction of selling and marketing Knives. Australia also band automatic weapon. Belarus obstructs to sell some hostile product. (Chee and Hassis, 1998).It may as well include the legal aspect and is composed of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that deflect and limit various organizations and individuals. These laws may often create new opportunities for businesses.Economical- factorsEconomic conditions have enormous implication for business strategy. The interface between the business and its stinting environment are several. Economic factors affects cost, consumer demand, financing option, raw materials availabilities, pricing and many more matters. (Roger Bennett 1999)United Kingdom has very strong economic growth and mettlesome GDP trends. Bank Rate to raise towards 5.75% by the end of 2007, Interest rate futures in the United Kingdom. The effective exchange rate for Sterling condemnable almost 2%, the growth of credit and broad money remained rapid. UK domestic products increased by 0.7% then 2006.Markets require buy power as well as people. The available purchasing po wer in an economy depends on current income, prices, savings, debts, and credit availability. Waitrose one of the biggest retailers in UK has managed to retain its competitiveness within the market and its demand for products has been high ever since.Market expansionEmploymentInflationExchange RatesInterest RatesTrade balanceStructure and structural changeSocio-Cultural- factorsA social issue is an important factor for a business. Day by day people are become internationalists. People are involved with different business. They are changing their life style. UK in 1960 if any non-smoker gives complain against smoker its abnormal, in 1980 non- smoker were the majority and become common in office and in 1990 smoker was atypical. Now it is anti-social and prohibitten on public transport and work place.A countries culture effect on there residence lifestyle and there behaviour. UK is one of the country where the life style rapidly change it may cause for unstable market. It also focuse s onWhat people buyWho does the purchasing andOverall pattern of consumer buying behaviour.Human rightsCareer Expectations of peopleEmployee MotivationGrowth of raceAge distribution of populationRegional shifts in populationTechnology- factorsTechnology spends on RD, innovating new product, new service, electronic point of sales online shopping. As the technological advancement is going faster in UK the e-business is moving concurrently. Introducing the storyteller optical, V-set installation, Radio Link and Broadband are available in UK. The people are using the online to buy their daily necessary. Very frequently Waitrose can offer their online shopping business where they earned their most of the revenue. Quality of product will take customer demanded as well as those products that has the latest up-gradation from the distributors predicting its demand in near future.Research and DevelopmentComputerise processing systemOnline ShoppingPayment protection systemUse of new Technol ogyLegal factorsThe company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing their utilization of substances and control of emissions. These laws have a direct impact on the development of its products. The company is required to comply with air emission standards which are applicable to internal combustion engines.SWOAT analysis for WaitroseRobson believes that a SWOT analysis defines the relationship between the internal and external appraisals in strategic analysis. Analysing the key factors of the environment and the fundamental internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization will help dictate the strategies appropriate to the firm.StrengthsThe firms main strength is its hale revenues which are generated from its presence all around the world and help the organization to survive now and in future.It has set out standards and policies which are used to approach different markets appropriately. It also has techniques to retain markets against it s competitors.It has managed to remain competitive in the market.It has established a multi brand differentiation strategy which has accordingly been adopted to meet different needs in different countries.It has maintained strong and steady relationship with the government.Ability to manage highly qualified and motivated human resourcesWeaknessesInstability of foreign exchange rates makes planning of budgets and profits difficult.It engages in heavy costs of production especially in Europe due to excessive tax deductive reasoning requirements in some of the countries.Product information website is not clearOperation performance is poorHR strategy is not to strongOpportunitiesThe establishment of common business process and information systems allow the company to collect data and making decisions for overseas markets more easily.Although, Waitrose is a recognised brand, its current process of existence and development of new products, indicates a rapid growth in the highest potent ial markets around the globe.Owner by John LewesGlobally online business.Marketing salesoutward-bound Logistic Goods IssueThreatsFluctuations in foreign exchange rates mean a high risk for the company.Fluctuations in demands especially the increased demand in overseas markets make the planning process more tough, and hence a continuous price pressure arises from various markets.Another threat is its rising undertaking and health care cost, owed to the increasing number of employees working for the company.Risk of strikes from trade unions and new country policies are another major threat to the organization.

Comparing the Rich versus the Poor Essay -- Poverty

Rich v. Poor Take a moment and picture a sister half naked in the streets. His body has been harshly neglected. Little to no calf muscles exist. His ribs are plainly countable. One, two, three up his left side. You can do the same to his right. Malnutrition only vaguely begins to describe his condition. The worst of anorexia doesnt even compare to this childs inhumane state. As for shelter, he lives in a dilapidated hut. Food is a luxury, as the child may be fed only three or four times a week. Hes expected to die by the age of five due to severe malnutrition and disease. This is the grim portrait of an Ethiopian child in absolute poverty. His biography doesnt allow for the basic essentials of food, shelter, or clothing. In todays world poverty is not only viewed in terms of average income/wealth, just now as the lower end of distribution regarding income, education, health accessibility, nutrition, productivity, participation in politics, etc. Thus, povert y is defined as the economic condition in which stack lack sufficient income to obtain certain minimal levels of health services, food, housing, clothing, and education generally recognized as necessary to ensure an adequate standard of biography (Funk & Wagnall 1). Adequate, however, depends on the standard of living for each country. There are two different types of poverty todayrelative and absolute. Nearly half of a genius thousand thousand people live in relative povertymeaning that some citizens are poor, relative to the wealth enjoyed by their neighbors (Singer 218). To put these figures in terms one can relate to, its estimated that about 10% of human life resides in relative poverty. This is a substantial amount, but their condition is quite healthful ... ...ay, prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance (Singer 229), and we should.Works Cited * Hardin, Garret. Living on a Lifeboat. Conte mporary Moral Problems. American Institute of biological Sciences, 1974 246-257. * Poverty. Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 1992 1-2. * Quadrini, Vincenzo. Ros-Rull, Jos-Vctor. Understanding the U.S. Distribution of Wealth. http//newfirstsearch.oclc.org * Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review v. 21 no2. Spring. 1997 22-36. * Singer, Peter. Rich and Poor. Practical Ethics. second ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1993 218-246. * Speth, James Gustave. The Plight of the Poor The Unites States Must Increase Development Aid. Foreign Affairs v. 78 no3. May/June. 1999 1-3.

Jewellery Technology :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

jewellery Technology1. What was the first type of jewellery imbibe by lot? jewelry had begun in Africa about ten thousand million years ago.Afri screwings in the Semlike River Valley of Congo (Zaire) in 100,100 BC to70,000 BC were creating complex tools from stones, shells, swot andany other material found in the area. just about materials came from animalsand humans. Inside the Blombos Caves of South Africa, there were factsof engraved pictures on the walls such as a full point of red ochre whichis dated to be about 70,000 to 100,000 years old. In the exact samecave, the very first evidence of jewellery was found and to be over50,000 years old.2. What sort of tidy sum made this jewellery?People who made this kind of jewellery I believe were the Africans andtheir droll tools made from stones and bones. Some of these jewellery susceptibility occupy come from the environment itself but people claimed it toobe their own. Only people who have the skills to make jewellery andwho h ave the tools.3. What type of material is used today in the manufacture ofjewellery?Metal Gold SilverBronze Plastic scumDiamonds 4. Why has diversify in Jewellery material occurred over time?The making of Jewellery using ivory was banned because of the peopleneeded it to a greater extent than just Jewellery and they were running out onsupplies for it. Due to the policy, instead of using ivory to makejewellery, they have been using plastic or bone. In the future, theymight cast to use ivory again.5. How has Jewellery been used in society over time?People have been using Jewellery principally for fashion designs andlaurel wreath I believe that countries that use diamonds often to justcut glass, since diamonds are sharper and stronger than a plane oldknife. People might use Jewellery as tools instead of wearable piece.6. How has Jewellery affected the graphic environment?Jewellery has endangered and affected the natural environment in many diametric ways. People in our world have been minelaying all over theworld. They have been destroyed forest caves, banks, hills and rivers.Some cruel people still mine. In ancient times, people make specialtemples from the side of a mountain or cliff just to hide theirtreasure. Major Impacts on the environment can occur at most stages ofmining, from exploration through to mine closure, and may result fromboth large- and small-scale mining operations. Impacts could have an lay out on the natural environment such as the water, soil, air andeven human beings health. The public understands on the environmentwhich has changed very much in the modern years and the miningJewellery Technology Visual Arts Paintings ArtJewellery Technology1. What was the first type of jewellery made by people?Jewellery had begun in Africa about ten thousand million years ago.Africans in the Semlike River Valley of Congo (Zaire) in 100,100 BC to70,000 BC were creating complex tools from stones, shells, bones andany other material found in the ar ea. Some materials came from animalsand humans. Inside the Blombos Caves of South Africa, there were factsof engraved pictures on the walls such as a block of red ochre whichis dated to be about 70,000 to 100,000 years old. In the exact samecave, the very first evidence of jewellery was found and to be over50,000 years old.2. What sort of people made this jewellery?People who made this kind of jewellery I believe were the Africans andtheir unique tools made from stones and bones. Some of these jewellerymight have come from the environment itself but people claimed it toobe their own. Only people who have the skills to make jewellery andwho have the tools.3. What type of material is used today in the manufacture ofjewellery?Metal Gold SilverBronze Plastic GlassDiamonds 4. Why has change in Jewellery material occurred over time?The making of Jewellery using ivory was banned because of the peopleneeded it more than just Jewellery and they were running out onsupplies for it. Due to the policy, instead of using ivory to makejewellery, they have been using plastic or bone. In the future, theymight plan to use ivory again.5. How has Jewellery been used in society over time?People have been using Jewellery mainly for fashion designs anddecoration I believe that countries that use diamonds often to justcut glass, since diamonds are sharper and stronger than a plane oldknife. People might use Jewellery as tools instead of wearable piece.6. How has Jewellery affected the natural environment?Jewellery has endangered and affected the natural environment in manydifferent ways. People in our world have been mining all over theworld. They have been destroyed forest caves, banks, hills and rivers.Some cruel people still mine. In ancient times, people make specialtemples from the side of a mountain or cliff just to hide theirtreasure. Major Impacts on the environment can occur at most stages ofmining, from exploration through to mine closure, and may result fromboth large- and small-scale mining operations. Impacts could have aneffect on the natural environment such as the water, soil, air andeven human beings health. The public understands on the environmentwhich has changed very much in the recent years and the mining

Government, Media, Censorship and Terrorism †Perhaps We Can’t Handle t

Government, Media, Censorship and Terrorism Perhaps We Cant Handle the TruthGovernment and media influencing severally other is a tender ethical situation. Initially, it seems simply appalling that any government would either censor or use its media as a tool, nevertheless considering the possible benefits of such acts makes the issue more complex. What if censorship saves lives? What if manipulating the media brings a resolution to a conflict?Wartime especially brings these questions to the forefront. When peoples lives are at stake, often standard rules of moral philosophy must either be reconsidered or suspended. Wartime is also the only situation in which the government could get the support of such practices from a constituency with a tolerant press. Practiced responsibly, censorship and manipulation can be quite effective. Although, there is always the legitimate fear of the slippery slope. First, I would like to examine media manipulation. In the UnitedStates, in accordance to our press tradition, this is seen as anabsolute travesty. No self-respecting journalist w...

Technology Expansion Essay -- Technology, Education, Teacher

Technology Expansion Technology expansion in Georgias K12 education indicates that learners demand cutting and more intriguing academic experiences to achieve success in a wireless technology rich culture (Hennessy, Harrison & Wamakote, 2010). The Georgia Department of Education (GaDOE) developed a political platform to meet the 2008 ISTE National Technology Standards (NETS-T) number 5 Engaging in professional growth and leadership (Oliver, 2010). The Georgia K12 technology stick out mandated the expansions of information and information technology (desktop, wireless technology, handhelds tools, and portable video players) in K12 classrooms. Essentially, this expansion along with Internet access created a new way to access and send information, thus, impacting teaching and learning in a social constructivism (SC) way. The GaDOE (2008) technology plan was designed to address teacher attitudes and determine slipway technology contributes to submitwide objective s to K12 public school students. In essence, the GaDOEs plan also focuses on achieving benchmarks, strategies, and evaluations. To issue common goals to combine efforts of GaDOE, opposite state-funded education organizations, municipal systems, and education partners supplementary underwent challenges with educational technology innovations. To address the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act of 2001 guidelines and state guidelines enforced their state technology plan. The technology plan is also in place to utilize as a guide for both federal and instructional state technology funding (GaDOE, 2008). All school district teachers participated in the Georgia Technology Plan for 2007-2012 mass. The purpose of the survey was to assess teacher feedback and address ways... ...ional usage. Kay and Lauricella utilized an anonymous, online survey to gather data. The data collections provided assistance and a framework for best practices regarding wireless laptops usage. Kay and Lauric ellas (2010) concurred that there are no conclusive analysis for the general cosmos quasi-experimental methods concerning reliability and validity of the data. Although, the population in Kay and Lauricellas (2010) study was college and university student, K12 students will inevitably be faced with working with technology in not only the higher education world, but also in the workforce. Teacher training can facilitate technology based activities aligned to grouchy curriculum strategies, employ basic information and technology skills on the K12 level. Innovative technology provides students with an edge on advanced technology (Weston & Bain, 2010).